Probability

A detailed explanation of Return to Player (RTP), how it differs from house edge, and why long-run theoretical return does not predict an individual session.

Understand gambling volatility, statistical variance, outcome dispersion and why short sessions can look very different from a game's long-run RTP.

Learn how gambling random number generators produce outcomes, how games are tested and why an RNG does not make wins due after a losing streak.

Understand how gambling odds relate to probability, payouts and profit, how decimal odds convert into implied probability, and why odds are not the same as RTP.

Learn what house edge measures, how it relates to RTP and expected loss, and why it cannot predict the result of an individual gambling session.